Boxplot Basics

A boxplot splits the data set into quartiles. The body of the boxplot consists of a "box" (hence, the name), which goes from the first quartile (Q1) to the third quartile (Q3).
Within the box, a vertical line is drawn at the Q2, the median of the data set. Two horizontal lines, called whiskers, extend from the front and back of the box. The front whisker goes from Q1 to the smallest non-outlier in the data set, and the back whisker goes from Q3 to the largest non-outlier.

Smallest non-outlier	Q1	Q2	Q3		Largest non-outlier
. .					. . .
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

If the data set includes one or more outliers, they are plotted separately as points on the chart. In the boxplot above, two outliers precede the first whisker; and three outliers follow the second whisker.

How to Interpret a BoxplotA

Here is how to read a boxplot. The median is indicated by the vertical line that runs down the center of the box. In the boxplot above, the median is about 400.
Additionally, boxplots display two common measures of the variability or spread in a data set.

• Range. If you are interested in the spread of all the data, it is represented on a boxplot by the horizontal distance between the smallest value and the largest value, including any outliers. In the boxplot above, data values range from about -700 (the smallest outlier) to 1700 (the largest outlier), so the range is 2400. If you ignore outliers, the range is illustrated by the distance between the opposite ends of the whiskers - about 1000 in the boxplot above.
• Interquartile range (IQR). The middle half of a data set falls within the interquartile range. In a boxplot, the interquartile range is represented by the width of the box (Q3 minus Q1). In the chart above, the interquartile range is equal to 600 minus 300 or about 300.

And finally, boxplots often provide information about the shape of a data set. The examples below show some common patterns.

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16		2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16		2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Skewed right		Symmetric		Skewed left

Each of the above boxplots illustrates a different skewness pattern. If most of the observations are concentrated on the low end of the scale, the distribution is skewed right; and vice versa. If a distribution is symmetric, the observations will be evenly split at the median, as shown above in the middle figure.